Hours of productive employment

To a large extent, how hard one works is influenced by the cultural environment. Countries that value labor, like the United States, tend to have significantly more hours worked than countries in Europe that are more focused on leisure, and view work as a necessary evil, rather than something that is glorified. (The average work week in the US is about 35 hours per week, while in Germany, Norway and the Netherlands it is 27 hours per week.) But the place that really cranks out the work is South Korea, with a world leading average work week of 44 hours per week. Surprisingly enough, Greece, known for its Mediterranean lifestyle and indulgent socialist government, is one of the hardest working labor forces in the world, with an average work week of 41 hours.

Of course, there are many factors that affect how hard and much people work. In addition to cultural factors, there is the issue of stage of economic development. Some people in poorer countries may have to work very hard simply to survive, while those in richer countries may be able to maintain a nice lifestyle with fewer hours of work. In many developing countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, work may simply not be available, so the amount of labor is not a choice. Taxation policies and labor laws have a huge impact on hours worked. In some European countries, you can make almost as much money from unemployment benefits and other entitlements as you can working. And work hours change over time; as society has transitioned from a mostly agricultural labor force to a mostly urbanized one, working hours have decreased. Men tend to work from one to four hours more per week than women, even in the same job.

Of course, there are major distinctions among hours worked within professions; some of these are not surprising at all; lawyers, managers, salespeople, farm workers, all work long hours. However, the hardest working profession from our chart below is actually clergy, with an average work week of 52 hours (they dont get Sunday s off.)

Hours Worked:

Three important sources of international labor statistics are the International Labor Office (ILO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT).

The ILO’s Bureau of Statistics provides data for the greatest number of countries in the ILO’s Yearbook of Labor Statistics (LABORSTA), Key Indicators of the Labor Market (KILM), and numerous other databases. The OECD provides data primarily for the developed countries, while most EUROSTAT data are limited to the countries of the European Union. All of these organizations prepare special studies on a wide variety of labor-related topics.

Source: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)(http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=ANHRS)

Data extracted on 12 Feb 2010 06:08 UTC (GMT) from OECD.Stat
Average annual hours actually worked per worker
Country	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Korea	2 520	2 506	2 465	2 434	2 404	2 364	2 357	2 316	..
Greece	2 121	2 123	2 106	2 116	2 064	2 081	2 150	2 122	2 120
Hungary	2 061	2 019	2 027	1 998	1 998	1 997	1 993	1 988	1 988
Czech Republic	2 092	2 000	1 980	1 972	1 986	2 002	1 997	1 985	1 992
Poland	1 988	1 974	1 979	1 984	1 983	1 994	1 985	1 976	1 969
Mexico	1 888	1 864	1 888	1 857	1 849	1 909	1 883	1 871	1 893
Italy	1 861	1 843	1 831	1 826	1 826	1 819	1 815	1 817	1 802
Iceland	1 885	1 847	1 812	1 807	1 810	1 794	1 795	1 807	1 807
United States	1 836	1 814	1 810	1 800	1 802	1 800	1 801	1 798	1 792
Japan	1 821	1 809	1 798	1 799	1 787	1 775	1 784	1 785	1 772
Slovak Republic	1 815	1 790	1 733	1 678	1 733	1 768	1 773	1 776	1 769
New Zealand	1 830	1 817	1 817	1 813	1 827	1 810	1 787	1 771	1 753
OECD countries	1 812	1 796	1 787	1 778	1 777	1 776	1 774	1 770	1 766
Canada	1 768	1 762	1 744	1 734	1 752	1 738	1 738	1 735	1 727
Portugal	1 765	1 769	1 767	1 742	1 763	1 752	1 757	1 727	1 745
Australia	1 785	1 749	1 736	1 734	1 740	1 727	1 717	1 717	1 721
Finland	1 750	1 734	1 728	1 720	1 724	1 718	1 714	1 710	1 728
United Kingdom	1 712	1 715	1 696	1 677	1 672	1 676	1 671	1 673	1 653
Switzerland	1 688	1 650	1 630	1 643	1 673	1 667	1 652	1 643	1 643
Spain	1 731	1 727	1 721	1 706	1 690	1 668	1 653	1 635	1 627
Ireland	1 719	1 713	1 698	1 671	1 668	1 654	1 642	1 631	1 601
Austria	1 658	1 657	1 652	1 658	1 663	1 652	1 644	1 630	1 631
Sweden	1 642	1 618	1 595	1 582	1 605	1 605	1 599	1 615	1 625
Denmark	1 581	1 587	1 579	1 577	1 579	1 579	1 585	1 599	1 610
Belgium	1 545	1 577	1 580	1 575	1 549	1 565	1 566	1 560	1 568
France	1 591	1 579	1 537	1 533	1 561	1 559	1 536	1 553	1 542
Luxembourg	1 662	1 646	1 635	1 630	1 586	1 570	1 580	1 515	1 555
Germany	1 473	1 458	1 445	1 439	1 442	1 434	1 432	1 433	1 432
West Germany	1 451	1 439	1 428	1 422	1 426	1 419	1 417	1 421	1 421
Norway	1 455	1 429	1 414	1 399	1 417	1 420	1 414	1 417	1 422
Netherlands	1 374	1 373	1 348	1 363	1 362	1 375	1 389	1 390	1 389
Turkey	1 937	1 942	1 943	1 943	1 918	..	..	..	..

Note: OECD study is the authoritative source for this issue, above data is the latest from the OECD study

Data gathered from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services following report

October 1998, Vol. 121, No. 10

How hours of work affect occupational earnings

Daniel Hecker

Abstract:

Analysis of long-term trends in hours of work has shown that a large proportion of full-timers in some major occupational groups put in long hours, and that persons working long hours generally have higher earnings.1 Do the high earnings associated with longer workweeks simply reflect the greater number of hours worked, or is there a more basic difference between jobs that demand (or encourage) long workweeks and those that do not? In an article in the April 1997 issue of the Review, BLS analysts Philip L. Rones, Jennifer Gardner, and Randy E. Ilg noted that professional and managerial workers had both higher earnings and longer hours than did workers in other occupational groups, and suggested that some of the earnings difference might be due to the considerable responsibility associated with professional and managerial jobs. This article takes a more in-depth look at the relationship between hours and earnings, with a focus on detailed occupations.

(This excerpt is from an article published in the October 1998 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.

Table 1 shows 1997 average weekly hours and the proportion of workers in each hours-worked category, by major occupational group.

Usual weekly hours of persons employed full time, by sex and major occupational group, 1997


Occupations	Men	Women
Total employed	44	41
Executives, officials, and managers	47	44
Sales occupations	46	42
Professional specialty occupations	45	42
Management-related occupations	44	42
Transportation and material moving occupations	46	43
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations	46	42
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations	43	41
Technicians	43	41
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors	42	41
Administrative support occupations, including clerical	42	40
Service workers	42	41
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers	42	41

Also, Table 2 presents data for detailed occupations, ranked by the percent of workers within them who have a standard workweek. First part of this table covers working hours by men in details, but it did not cover for women for all occupations. Thus the following recreated table data covers only Men.

Usual weekly hours of persons employed full time, by sex(*Note Male only) and detailed occupation, 1997
Men	weekly hours
Clergy	52
Physicians	52
Firefighting occupations	51
Managers, food serving and lodging establishments	50
Lawyers	49
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	48
Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	49
Financial managers	47
Securities and financial services sales occupations	46
Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations	48
Farmworkers	51
Insurance sales occupations	46
Administrators, education and related fields	47
Real estate sales occupations	47
Other financial officers	45
Taxi cab drivers and chauffeurs	48
Tool and die makers	46
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade	46
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers	46
Managers, service organizations,	46
Teachers, college and university	47
Extractive occupations	51
Truck drivers	47
Industrial engineers	45
Teachers, secondary school	45
Sales occupations, other business services	44
Supervisors, production occupations	45
Operations and systems researchers and analysts	44
Accountants and auditors	44
Sales workers, furniture, radio, TV, and appliances	43
Computer systems analysts and scientists	43
Teachers, elementary school	44
Civil engineers	43
Electrical and electronic engineers	44
Designers	43
Computer programmers	43
Machinists	43
Automobile mechanics	43
Supervisors, administrative support occupations	43
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners	43
Officials and administrators, public administration	43
Supervisors, construction occupations	44
Industrial machinery repairers	43
Sales workers, other commodities	42
Metalworking and plastic working machine operators	42
Welders and cutters	43
Mail carriers and postal clerks	42
Construction trades	42
Police and detectives, public service	43
Electrical and electronic equipment repairers	42
Cooks	42
Engineering technologists and technicians	42
Machine operators, assorted materials	42
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators	42
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	42
Electricians	42
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	42
Assemblers	42
Guards and police, excluding public service	42
Carpenters	42
Construction laborers	42
Laborers, except construction	42
Janitors and cleaners	41

Occupation (Data Source- National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States, June 2006 U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/sp/ncbl0910.pdf	Weekly earnings mean Weekly Hours	Annual earnings mean Hours
All workers	40	2,017
Management occupations	41	2,092
Chief executives	44	2,303
General and operations managers	42	2,189
Advertising and promotions managers	40	2,070
Marketing and sales managers	41	2,136
Marketing managers	41	2,104
Sales managers	42	2,170
Public relations managers	40	2,054
Administrative services managers	40	2,075
Computer and information systems managers	40	2,095
Financial managers	40	2,093
Human resources managers	40	2,080
Compensation and benefits managers	41	2,115
Training and development managers	40	2,077
Industrial production managers	41	2,136
Purchasing managers	40	2,092
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	41	2,108
Construction managers	41	2,133
Education administrators	39	1,935
Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program	41	2,079
Education administrators, elementary and secondary school	39	1,830
Education administrators, postsecondary	39	2,012
Engineering managers	41	2,115
Food service managers	44	2,210
Funeral directors	42	2,158
Lodging managers	43	2,244
Medical and health services managers	40	2,078
Natural sciences managers	40	2,080
Property, real estate, and community association managers	40	2,085
Social and community service managers	39	2,009

Business and financial operations occupations	40	2,076
Buyers and purchasing agents	40	2,101
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	39	2,029
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators	39	2,027
Insurance appraisers, auto damage	40	2,052
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation	41	2,120
Cost estimators	41	2,110
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists	40	2,027
Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists	39	2,047
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	40	2,079
Training and development specialists	40	1,966
Logisticians	40	2,078
Management analysts	40	2,084
Meeting and convention planners	39	2,050
Accountants and auditors	40	2,077
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	39	2,028
Budget analysts	41	2,121
Credit analysts	40	2,071
Financial analysts and advisors	40	2,076
Financial analysts	41	2,107
Personal financial advisors	40	2,062
Insurance underwriters	39	2,009
Financial examiners	40	2,077
Loan counselors and officers	40	2,083
Loan counselors	40	2,055
Loan officers	40	2,084
Tax examiners, collectors, preparers, and revenue agents	40	2,051
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents	40	2,049

Computer and mathematical science occupations	40	2,084
Computer and information scientists, research	40	2,080
Computer programmers	40	2,084
Computer software engineers	40	2,102
Computer software engineers, applications	41	2,105
Computer software engineers, systems software	40	2,099
Computer support specialists	40	2,063
Computer systems analysts	40	2,080
Database administrators	40	2,081
Network and computer systems administrators	40	2,078
Network systems and data communications analysts	40	2,077
Actuaries	39	2,023
Operations research analysts	39	2,051
Statisticians	40	2,057
Miscellaneous mathematical scientists	40	2,069

Architecture and engineering occupations	40	2,094
Architects, except naval	41	2,121
Architects, except landscape and naval	41	2,123
Landscape architects	40	2,080
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	40	2,082
Cartographers and photogrammetrists	40	2,076
Surveyors	40	2,084
Engineers	41	2,105
Aerospace engineers	40	2,083
Chemical engineers	40	2,086
Civil engineers	41	2,124
Computer hardware engineers	41	2,154
Electrical and electronics engineers	41	2,111
Electrical engineers	41	2,111
Electronics engineers, except computer	41	2,112
Environmental engineers	40	2,061
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	41	2,120
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors	41	2,105
Industrial engineers	41	2,123
Marine engineers and naval architects	40	2,080
Materials engineers	41	2,111
Mechanical engineers	41	2,118
Nuclear engineers	40	2,080
Petroleum engineers	40	2,063
Drafters	40	2,073
Architectural and civil drafters	40	2,080
Electrical and electronics drafters	40	2,080
Mechanical drafters	40	2,080
Engineering technicians, except drafters	40	2,074
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians	40	2,089
Civil engineering technicians	40	2,069
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians	40	2,080
Electro-mechanical technicians	40	2,094
Environmental engineering technicians	40	2,042
Industrial engineering technicians	40	2,085
Mechanical engineering technicians	40	2,077
Surveying and mapping technicians	40	2,073

Life, physical, and social science occupations	40	2,032
Life scientists	39	2,035
Agricultural and food scientists	40	2,019
Animal scientists	39	2,040
Food scientists and technologists	39	2,035
Soil and plant scientists	40	2,007
Biological scientists	39	2,008
Biochemists and biophysicists	38	1,973
Microbiologists	40	2,062
Zoologists and wildlife biologists	39	2,034
Conservation scientists and foresters	40	2,088
Conservation scientists	40	2,078
Foresters	40	2,102
Medical scientists	40	2,059
Physical scientists	40	2,080
Astronomers and physicists	40	2,067
Physicists	40	2,065
Chemists and materials scientists	40	2,084
Chemists	40	2,085
Materials scientists	40	2,080
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	41	2,107
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health	41	2,111
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers	41	2,096
Hydrologists	40	2,080
Economists	41	2,152
Market and survey researchers	41	2,123
Market research analysts	41	2,123
Psychologists	38	1,680
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists	37	1,649
Sociologists	39	1,998
Urban and regional planners	40	2,060
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	39	2,038
Agricultural and food science technicians	40	2,072
Biological technicians	40	2,056
Chemical technicians	40	2,065
Geological and petroleum technicians	40	2,080
Nuclear technicians	40	2,080
Social science research assistants	40	2,047
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	40	2,037
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health	40	2,076

Community and social services occupations	39	1,964
Counselors	38	1,834
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors	39	2,011
Educational, vocational, and school counselors	38	1,675
Marriage and family therapists	39	2,040
Mental health counselors	40	2,048
Rehabilitation counselors	39	2,031
Social workers	39	2,002
Child, family, and school social workers	39	1,958
Medical and public health social workers	39	2,016
Mental health and substance abuse social workers	39	2,039
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists	39	2,015
Health educators	40	2,070
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	39	2,040
Social and human service assistants	39	2,006
Clergy	48	2,504
Directors, religious activities and education	38	1,996

Legal occupations	40	2,096
Lawyers	41	2,141
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	40	2,054
Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates	40	2,067
Paralegals and legal assistants	39	2,046
Miscellaneous legal support workers	40	2,049
Court reporters	37	1,901
Law clerks	39	2,017
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers	41	2,116

Education, training, and library occupations	37	1,488
Postsecondary teachers	39	1,616
Business teachers, postsecondary	39	1,488
Math and computer teachers, postsecondary	39	1,552
Computer science teachers, postsecondary	39	1,630
Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary	39	1,502
Engineering and architecture teachers, postsecondary	40	1,565
Engineering teachers, postsecondary	40	1,579
Life sciences teachers, postsecondary	44	2,006
Biological science teachers, postsecondary	45	2,048
Physical sciences teachers, postsecondary	40	1,537
Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary	39	1,548
Chemistry teachers, postsecondary	41	1,554
Physics teachers, postsecondary	38.3	1,489
Social sciences teachers, postsecondary	40	1,601
Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary	40	1,590
Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary	40	1,651
Economics teachers, postsecondary	45	1,711
Political science teachers, postsecondary	39	1,642
Psychology teachers, postsecondary	39	1,558
Sociology teachers, postsecondary	39	1,592
Health teachers, postsecondary	40	1,802
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary	40	1,820
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary	39	1,730
Education and library science teachers, postsecondary	39	1,531
Education teachers, postsecondary	39	1,519
Law, criminal justice, and social work teachers, postsecondary	38	1,556
Law teachers, postsecondary	38	1,535
Arts, communications, and humanities teachers, postsecondary	39	1,504
Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary	38	1,457
Communications teachers, postsecondary	39	1,503
English language and literature teachers, postsecondary	38	1,534
Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary	40	1,549
History teachers, postsecondary	40	1,515
Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary	40	1,500
Miscellaneous postsecondary teachers	39	1,607
Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary	38	1,526
Vocational education teachers, postsecondary	39	1,740
Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers	37	1,428
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	38	1,675
Preschool teachers, except special education	38	1,762
Kindergarten teachers, except special education	38	1,493
Elementary and middle school teachers	37	1,395
Elementary school teachers, except special education	37	1,393
Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education	37	1,406
Secondary school teachers	37	1,420
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education	37	1,412
Vocational education teachers, secondary school	38	1,573
Special education teachers	36	1,394
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school	35	1,389
Special education teachers, middle school	37	1,428
Special education teachers, secondary school	36	1,390
Other teachers and instructors	36	1,471
Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors	36	1,581
Self-enrichment education teachers	40	1,972
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	38	1,989
Curators	38	1,993
Librarians	38	1,796
Library technicians	39	1,940
Farm and home management advisors	43	2,181
Instructional coordinators	38	1,914
Teacher assistants	37	1,513

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	40	2,041
Artists and related workers	40	2,071
Art directors	40	2,099
Multi-media artists and animators	40	2,074
Designers	40	2,066
Commercial and industrial designers	40	2,085
Fashion designers	42	2,179
Floral designers	39	2,029
Graphic designers	40	2,065
Interior designers	39	2,040
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers	40	2,078
Set and exhibit designers	40	2,080
Actors, producers, and directors	40	2,088
Producers and directors	40	2,088
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	39	1,921
Coaches and scouts	39	1,892
Musicians, singers, and related workers	39	1,701
Musicians and singers	39	1,625
Announcers	40	2,078
Radio and television announcers	40	2,078
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	39	2,015
Reporters and correspondents	39	2,010
Public relations specialists	40	2,058
Writers and editors	40	2,045
Editors	39	2,039
Technical writers	40	2,081
Writers and authors	39	1,967
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	37	1,886
Interpreters and translators	32	1,663
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	41	2,107
Audio and video equipment technicians	40	2,056
Broadcast technicians	40	2,098
Sound engineering technicians	44	2,269
Photographers	40	1,976
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	40	2,080
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture	40	2,080

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations	39	2,032
Dentists	40	2,055
Dentists, general	40	2,052
Dietitians and nutritionists	40	2,069
Optometrists	38	1,957
Pharmacists	40	2,066
Physicians and surgeons	42	2,162
Anesthesiologists	43	2,209
Family and general practitioners	40	2,074
Internists, general	42	2,183
Pediatricians, general	41	2,136
Psychiatrists	36	1,886
Surgeons	39	2,009
Physician assistants	40	2,075
Registered nurses	39	2,009
Therapists	39	1,953
Audiologists	40	2,080
Occupational therapists	39	1,983
Physical therapists	39	2,004
Radiation therapists	39	2,047
Recreational therapists	39	2,047
Respiratory therapists	39	2,025
Speech-language pathologists	38	1,641
Veterinarians	40	2,080
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	40	2,070
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists	40	2,084
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians	40	2,061
Dental hygienists	35	1,800
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	40	2,054
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians	39	2,035
Diagnostic medical sonographers	39	2,024
Nuclear medicine technologists	40	2,080
Radiologic technologists and technicians	40	2,059
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	41	2,116
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians	39	2,039
Dietetic technicians	40	2,080
Pharmacy technicians	40	2,055
Psychiatric technicians	38	1,953
Respiratory therapy technicians	40	2,060
Surgical technologists	40	2,054
Veterinary technologists and technicians	40	2,060
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	39	2,026
Medical records and health information technicians	40	2,057
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	40	2,065
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians	40	2,087
Occupational health and safety specialists	40	2,089
Miscellaneous healthcare practitioner and technical workers	40	2,053
Athletic trainers	40	2,071

Healthcare support occupations	39	2,002
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	39	2,009
Home health aides	37	1,932
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants	39	2,021
Psychiatric aides	39	2,049
Occupational therapist assistants and aides	40	2,007
Occupational therapist assistants	40	2,012
Occupational therapist aides	40	1,999
Physical therapist assistants and aides	40	2,050
Physical therapist assistants	40	2,068
Physical therapist aides	39	2,035
Massage therapists	38	1,999
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations	38	1,987
Dental assistants	36	1,853
Medical assistants	39	2,033
Medical equipment preparers	39	2,047
Medical transcriptionists	39	2,035
Pharmacy aides	38	1,971
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	40	2,064

Protective service occupations	41	2,099
First-line supervisors/managers, law enforcement workers	40	2,078
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers	40	2,065
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives	40	2,082
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers	49	2,566
Fire fighters	48	2,504
Fire inspectors	40	2,079
Fire inspectors and investigators	40	2,079
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	40	2,069
Bailiffs	38	1,974
Correctional officers and jailers	40	2,073
Detectives and criminal investigators	40	2,060
Fish and game wardens	40	2,081
Parking enforcement workers	40	2,075
Police officers	40	2,076
Police and sheriff’s patrol officers	40	2,076
Animal control workers	39	2,028
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	40	2,048
Security guards	40	2,048
Miscellaneous protective service workers	37	1,359
Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers	38	965

Food preparation and serving related occupations	38	1,954
First-line supervisors/managers, food preparation and serving workers	41	2,094
Chefs and head cooks	41	2,006
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers	42	2,107
Cooks	39	1,971
Cooks, fast food	38	1,968
Cooks, institution and cafeteria	38	1,884
Cooks, restaurant	39	2,003
Cooks, short order	39	2,020
Food preparation workers	38	1,916
Food service, tipped	37	1,899
Bartenders	37	1,896
Waiters and waitresses	37	1,890
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	38	1,943
Fast food and counter workers	38	1,932
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	38	1,924
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	38	1,961
Food servers, nonrestaurant	39	1,978
Dishwashers	39	2,005
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	36	1,862

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	39	2,024
First-line supervisors/managers, building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers	40	2,080
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers	40	2,071
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	41	2,103
Building cleaning workers	39	2,031
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners	40	2,041
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	39	1,996
Pest control workers	40	2,050
Grounds maintenance workers	40	1,946
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers	40	1,941
Tree trimmers and pruners	37	1,870

Personal care and service occupations	38	1,914
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers	41	2,103
Gaming supervisors	41	2,120
Slot key persons	40	2,078
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers	40	1,957
Nonfarm animal caretakers	39	2,029
Gaming services workers	40	2,065
Gaming dealers	40	2,067
Gaming and sports book writers and runners	36	1,846
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	40	2,054
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	39	1,739
Amusement and recreation attendants	39	1,654
Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants	39	2,012
Barbers and cosmetologists	37	1,940
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	37	1,945
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	39	2,000
Manicurists and pedicurists	38	1,991
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	39	2,010
Baggage porters and bellhops	38	1,987
Concierges	40	2,054
Tour and travel guides	36	1,305
Tour guides and escorts	36	1,269
Transportation attendants	21	1,102
Flight attendants	19	996
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters	39	1,860
Child care workers	39	2,001
Personal and home care aides	39	2,027
Recreation and fitness workers	39	1,718
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors	38	1,981
Recreation workers	40	1,668
Residential advisors	41	1,847

Sales and related occupations	40	2,079
First-line supervisors/managers, sales workers	42	2,159
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers	42	2,162
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers	41	2,148
Retail sales workers	40	2,058
Cashiers, all workers	39	2,031
Cashiers	39	2,028
Gaming change persons and booth cashiers	40	2,079
Counter and rental clerks and parts salespersons	40	2,090
Counter and rental clerks	40	2,071
Parts salespersons	41	2,107
Retail salespersons	40	2,069
Advertising sales agents	39	2,047
Insurance sales agents	40	2,062
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	40	2,079
Travel agents	39	2,019
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	41	2,102
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products	40	2,084
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products	41	2,109
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	40	2,077
Demonstrators and product promoters	40	2,077
Real estate brokers and sales agents	40	2,076
Real estate brokers	41	2,154
Real estate sales agents	40	2,053
Sales engineers	41	2,132
Telemarketers	38	1,981
Miscellaneous sales and related workers	40	2,046
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	40	2,080

Office and administrative support occupations	39	2,042
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers	40	2,061
Switchboard operators, including answering service	39	2,039
Telephone operators	39	2,017
Financial clerks	40	2,054
Bill and account collectors	40	2,067
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators	40	2,054
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	39	2,048
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	40	2,064
Procurement clerks	40	2,068
Tellers	40	2,062
Brokerage clerks	39	2,028
Correspondence clerks	40	2,073
Court, municipal, and license clerks	39	1,984
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	40	2,056
Customer service representatives	40	2,062
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	39	2,022
File clerks	39	2,047
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	39	2,025
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	39	2,035
Library assistants, clerical	38	1,771
Loan interviewers and clerks	40	2,063
New accounts clerks	40	2,066
Order clerks	40	2,072
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	40	2,062
Receptionists and information clerks	39	2,043
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	39	2,044
Cargo and freight agents	40	2,079
Couriers and messengers	38	1,992
Dispatchers	40	2,096
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers	40	2,075
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance	41	2,106
Meter readers, utilities	40	2,079
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	40	2,079
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	40	2,075
Stock clerks and order fillers	40	2,067
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	40	2,079
Secretaries and administrative assistants	39	2,011
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants	40	2,049
Legal secretaries	39	2,001
Medical secretaries	39	2,030
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive	39	1,982
Computer operators	40	2,056
Data entry and information processing workers	39	2,014
Data entry keyers	39	2,021
Word processors and typists	39	1,999
Desktop publishers	38	1,996
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	39	2,033
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	39	2,045
Office clerks, general	39	2,028
Office machine operators, except computer	40	2,045
Proofreaders and copy markers	40	2,080
Statistical assistants	39	2,031

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	40	1,862
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	41	2,145
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	39	1,996
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	40	1,724
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse	40	1,568
Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals	40	2,079
Logging workers	40	2,080
Logging equipment operators	40	2,080

Construction and extraction occupations	40	2,041
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers	41	2,105
Boilermakers	40	2,078
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	40	1,997
Brickmasons and blockmasons	40	1,993
Carpenters	40	2,039
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	40	2,054
Carpet installers	40	2,080
Tile and marble setters	40	2,051
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	40	2,025
Cement masons and concrete finishers	40	2,024
Construction laborers	40	1,996
Construction equipment operators	40	1,988
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	40	1,920
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	40	2,011
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	40	2,069
Drywall and ceiling tile installers	40	2,069
Tapers	40	2,068
Electricians	40	2,069
Glaziers	40	2,080
Insulation workers	40	2,080
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall	40	2,080
Insulation workers, mechanical	40	2,080
Painters and paperhangers	40	2,040
Painters, construction and maintenance	40	2,040
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	40	2,069
Pipelayers	40	2,071
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	40	2,069
Plasterers and stucco masons	40	2,060
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	40	2,051
Roofers	40	1,912
Sheet metal workers	39	2,020
Structural iron and steel workers	40	2,077
Helpers, construction trades	40	2,035
Helpers–brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters	40	2,002
Helpers–carpenters	40	2,078
Helpers–electricians	40	2,078
Helpers–painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons	40	2,080
Helpers–pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	40	2,080
Helpers–roofers	40	1,985
Construction and building inspectors	40	2,056
Elevator installers and repairers	40	2,080
Hazardous materials removal workers	40	2,029
Highway maintenance workers	40	1,997
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	40	2,080
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	44	2,266
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	40	2,047
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	40	2,080
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	40	2,080
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	40	2,080
Mining machine operators	40	2,078
Mine cutting and channeling machine operators	40	2,071
Roustabouts, oil and gas	40	2,080
Helpers–extraction workers	40	2,080

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	40	2,082
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers	41	2,123
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	40	2,075
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	40	2,079
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers	40	2,079
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	40	2,080
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	40	2,080
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	40	2,080
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment	40	2,077
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay	40	2,080
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	40	2,096
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	40	2,080
Security and fire alarm systems installers	40	2,076
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	40	2,081
Automotive technicians and repairers	40	2,101
Automotive body and related repairers	41	2,104
Automotive glass installers and repairers	40	2,080
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	40	2,101
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	40	2,084
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	40	2,097
Farm equipment mechanics	42	2,166
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines	40	2,078
Rail car repairers	40	2,080
Small engine mechanics	40	2,053
Motorboat mechanics	40	2,011
Motorcycle mechanics	40	2,048
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics	40	2,080
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanic, installers, and repairers	40	2,070
Tire repairers and changers	40	2,068
Control and valve installers and repairers	40	2,076
Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door	40	2,075
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	40	2,087
Home appliance repairers	41	2,105
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers	40	2,069
Industrial machinery mechanics	40	2,071
Maintenance and repair workers, general	40	2,064
Maintenance workers, machinery	40	2,076
Millwrights	40	2,078
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons	40	2,080
Line installers and repairers	40	2,075
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	40	2,080
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	40	2,072
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	40	2,076
Medical equipment repairers	40	2,080
Miscellaneous installation, maintenance, and repair workers	40	2,049
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	40	2,066
Locksmiths and safe repairers	40	2,084
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	40	2,080
Riggers	40	2,080
Signal and track switch repairers	40	2,080
Helpers–installation, maintenance, and repair workers	40	2,034

Production occupations	40	2,068
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers	41	2,111
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	40	2,079
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	40	2,073
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers	39	2,042
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers	40	2,076
Electromechanical equipment assemblers	40	2,074
Engine and other machine assemblers	40	2,076
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	40	2,061
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	40	2,072
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators	40	2,080
Team assemblers	40	2,068
Bakers	39	2,024
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	40	2,055
Butchers and meat cutters	39	2,034
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers	40	2,065
Slaughterers and meat packers	40	2,074
Miscellaneous food processing workers	40	2,070
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	40	2,080
Food batchmakers	40	2,063
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	40	2,076
Computer control programmers and operators	40	2,086
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic	40	2,087
Numerical tool and process control programmers	40	2,085
Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,059
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,055
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,068
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,062
Machine tool cutting setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,075
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,074
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,074
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,077
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,079
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,078
Machinists	40	2,077
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders	40	2,073
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders	40	2,079
Pourers and casters, metal	40	2,061
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	40	2,071
Model makers, metal and plastic	40	2,070
Patternmakers, metal and plastic	40	2,075
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,069
Foundry mold and coremakers	40	2,080
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,068
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,062
Tool and die makers	40	2,076
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	40	2,074
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers	40	2,077
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,053
Miscellaneous metalworkers and plastic workers	40	2,078
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,072
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic	40	2,080
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	40	2,068
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	40	2,086
Bookbinders and bindery workers	39	2,025
Bindery workers	39	2,028
Printers	40	2,059
Job printers	39	2,033
Prepress technicians and workers	40	2,055
Printing machine operators	40	2,065
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	39	2,048
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	39	2,022
Sewing machine operators	40	2,052
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	38	1,968
Sewers, hand	40	2,080
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers	38	1,958
Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,058
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	40	2,079
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	39	2,024
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,080
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,062
Miscellaneous textile, apparel, and furnishings workers	40	2,064
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	39	2,047
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	39	2,011
Upholsterers	40	2,072
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	40	2,071
Furniture finishers	40	2,080
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	40	2,080
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,072
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	40	2,068
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	40	2,075
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	40	2,079
Nuclear power reactor operators	40	2,080
Power distributors and dispatchers	40	2,088
Power plant operators	40	2,077
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	40	2,052
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators	40	2,079
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	40	2,062
Chemical plant and system operators	39	2,029
Gas plant operators	40	2,080
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers	40	2,078
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,074
Chemical equipment operators and tenders	40	2,070
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,078
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	40	2,050
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,056
Grinding and polishing workers, hand	40	2,048
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,050
Cutting workers	40	2,041
Cutters and trimmers, hand	40	2,066
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,033
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,074
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	40	2,080
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	40	2,069
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	40	2,064
Dental laboratory technicians	39	2,047
Medical appliance technicians	40	2,080
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians	40	2,080
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	40	2,070
Painting workers	40	2,079
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,075
Painters, transportation equipment	40	2,091
Painting, coating, and decorating workers	40	2,075
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	39	2,030
Photographic process workers	39	2,022
Photographic processing machine operators	39	2,036
Semiconductor processors	40	2,071
Miscellaneous production workers	40	2,063
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders	40	2,080
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	40	2,080
Etchers and engravers	39	2,033
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	40	2,080
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	40	2,070
Tire builders	40	2,079
Helpers–production workers	40	2,061

Transportation and material moving occupations	40	2,066
First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand	41	2,122
First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators	41	2,152
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	25	1,270
Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers	22	1,161
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	40	2,080
Bus drivers	37	1,740
Bus drivers, transit and intercity	40	2,068
Bus drivers, school	33	1,325
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	41	2,138
Driver/sales workers	41	2,108
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer	42	2,177
Truck drivers, light or delivery services	40	2,070
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	39	1,998
Locomotive engineers and operators	42	2,167
Locomotive engineers	43	2,216
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	40	2,080
Subway and streetcar operators	40	2,080
Sailors and marine oilers	44	2,181
Ship and boat captains and operators	49	2,329
Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels	49	2,329
Ship engineers	44	1,963
Bridge and lock tenders	40	2,079
Parking lot attendants	39	2,037
Service station attendants	40	2,066
Transportation inspectors	39	2,046
Conveyor operators and tenders	40	2,080
Crane and tower operators	40	2,075
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	40	2,039
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators	40	2,038
Hoist and winch operators	40	2,072
Industrial truck and tractor operators	40	2,064
Laborers and material movers, hand	40	2,052
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	40	2,074
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	40	2,048
Machine feeders and offbearers	40	2,066
Packers and packagers, hand	40	2,046
Pumping station operators	40	2,045
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	42	2,192
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	42	2,081

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